Minority Shareholders Proprietary Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minority Shareholders Proprietary Rights - Essay Example As on account of Gambotto in Australia, in various cases, the courts have taken comprehension to the way that regardless of whether the offended party doesn't demand for the two tests, the courts may and can expose the alteration to these tests and see to their fitment to the equivalent. Bombing which in both of the cases, the alterations might be invalidated. The restrictive privileges of the investors must be maintained however not at the expense of the organization as indicated by the British Law, as opposed to the Australian view of the issue. Practicing of the greater part controls by the investors of an organization is quite uncontrolled in the nation. It is with most extreme consideration and intrigue that the courts need to execute these laws so the concealment of the shareholding minorities is secured and simultaneously, the destinations of the organization are not weakened. Notwithstanding, the point brought up in the showed quote is to guarantee that the enthusiasm of both the minorities and that of the organization ought to likewise be ensured. For the sake of ensuring the enthusiasm of the minorities, the organization ought not be winding up as a failure in the game along these lines, cutting down the interests of the remainder of the investors of the organization. So as to get this, the possibility of exclusive rights being secured must be dissected. Exclusive rights by and large have been the possession rights or the option to claim. In cases identified with claiming area or working there had not been conflicts on the exclusive privileges of an individual and what is offered to one individual is same as the other one3. Though on account of investor exclusive rights, the minority investors rights may be not the same as what the larger part investor may have. The relationship of the organization could be for one basic explanation that of the organization making more benefits or as high a benefit as is really conceivable.

Budget Deficit Definition and How It Affects the Economy Free Essays

How does an administration spending shortfall influence the economy? Recognize two periods in ongoing history in which the United States has run spending shortages. What were the explanations behind the shortfalls during those timeframes? A government’s spending shortage happens when the measure of cash going out surpasses the measure of cash coming in and is characterized as a deficiency of incomes under installment. For instance say the measure of assessments being gathered is $500,000 yet the measure of government spending is $7000,000 the administration has a deficiency of $200,000. We will compose a custom article test on Spending Deficit Definition and How It Affects the Economy or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Governments frequently subsidize these shortages with the offer of bonds; this deal is an IOU to the purchaser and a guarantee for reimbursement later on. With an end goal to compensate for the shortage and the expansion in the countries obligation the administration may build charges and loan fees; this influences the economy in a negative route by diminishing the measure of cash buyers need to spend on merchandise and enterprises. A chain creation may occrue diminishing interest making gracefully additionally fall. During the long periods of 1981 to 1989 the deficiency inside the U. S. government drove up the measure of obligation held by general society by practically triple. Ronald Reagan expanded the measure of cash the administration was spending on the military yet additionally diminished charges. With no capacity to subsidize the military spending the legislature encountered a deficiency and acquired cash, which expanded the open obligation. The equivalent was valid for the Bush organization, as the expense of two wars expanded and the measure of tax reductions likewise expanding the measure of assessment income diminished. With an end goal to pay for the countries wars the administration expanded the obtaining and drove up the publics obligation to 40% of the countries GDP. Obviously the biggest increment in the countries shortfall has come over the most recent three years, the countries wars and monetary boost has, in the method of expanded spending, expanded the countries shortage and made the countries obligation ascend to 15. 5 trillion or 63% of the countries GDP. Instructions to refer to Budget Deficit Definition and How It Affects the Economy, Essay models

Comparative Analysis of John Rawls Justice as Fairness and Irving Essay - 15

Relative Analysis of John Rawls Justice as Fairness and Irving Kristols A Capitalist Conception of Justice - Essay Example The imperfection with this contention is that an individual gets financially remunerated for those characteristics of his character that he didn't develop, advance or learn of his own industry and undertaking. At the end of the day, gifts in rendering music, scientific capacity and great looks, and so on are to an enormous degree hereditarily decided. So what we see here is an unpretentious type of Eugenics. There are additionally shades of Social Darwinism connected to Kristol’s theory, wherein the industrialist framework will take out those people who can't add to the economy. It is likewise rash of Kristol to express that â€Å"luck† is a substantial determinant of human nobility. To infer that the resentment endured by those living in outright destitution involves horrible luck while the extravagances delighted in by the rich minority are owing to a component of good karma is too oversimplified a contention to make. In making an examination between â€Å"social jus tice† and â€Å"capitalism† Kristol makes reference to how free enterprise is neither libertarian nor dictator. One gets a feeling that there is no excellence in yearning for a libertarian culture and that tyranny is characteristically faulty. Both the originations are bogus. Also, tyranny is anything but a debauched idea as the creator would have us accept. There are issues with this line of contention. Most importantly, isn’t it a general standard of equity and goodness that no area of mankind ought to be living in total destitution?

Eubacteria Examples

Eubacteria Examples Eubacteria Eubacteria, also known as the true bacteria, have a bad reputation. They are seen as disease causing agents. Every day new products come out advertising their ability to destroy these dangerous creatures. In reality, only a small percentage of these organisms cause disease. The rest fulfill many important roles in the natural world. Eubacteria are used in the production of wines, cheeses and yogurts and are also part of the process used at wastewater treatment plants. Eubacteria are responsible for many human diseases, but also help maintain health and form vital parts of all of Earth's ecosystems. These organisms have been around for over 3 billion years and, as result of the oxygen produced from their photosynthesis process, made it possible for air-breathing animals to survive. Eubacteria are enclosed by a cell wall. The wall is made of cross-linked chains tissue that combines both amino acid and sugar chains. The network structure gives the wall the strength it needs to maintain its size and shape in the face of changing chemical differences outside the cell. Penicillin and related antibiotics prevent bacterial cell growth by inactivating an enzyme that builds the cell wall. Penicillin-resistant bacteria contain an enzyme that chemically modifies penicillin, making it ineffective. Eubacteria are often classified by their shape. They fall into three main shape categories. Spherical eubacteria are called cocci. They can occur as a single bacterium or be arranged in a pair, chain or cluster of bacteria. These bacteria cause many different types of common diseases. Rod-shaped eubacteria are known as bacilli; they look like cylinders, arranged singly or in chains. The third is spiral or helically-shaped eubacteria called spirilla. Examples of Eubacteria: 1. Cocci Cause abscesses, boils, and other infections of the skin. Cocci can often be found in the nose and on the skin without causing disease, but it is also responsible for causing conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis and toxic shock syndrome. Another form of cocci that originates in the throat or skin, include strep throat and scarlet fever. This type bacterium causes bacterial meningitis, an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, after entering the body through the nose or throat. 2. Bacilli E coli is an example of this rod-shaped bacteria that normally lives in your intestinal tract without causing disease. However, a few strains of E. coli do cause disease that is spread typically by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Another form of bacilli enters the respiratory tract and causes diphtheria. Diphtheria causes a thick coating on the back of the nose and throat, making it difficult to swallow or breathe, followed by swelling of the neck and potentially death. This bacterium grows in long chains and can infect you through broken skin, ingestion or inhalation. 3. Spirilla When this bacterium enters the human body it causes diarrhea. This condition is typically acquired in places where sanitation is poor or by eating raw or undercooked poultry. When this example of bacteria is found in your stomach, inflammation and ulcers result.

Obesity Obesity And Obesity - 1242 Words

Obesity and Nutrition More than one-third (34.9%) (The State of Obesity) of the American population is overweight. The definition for obesity is the condition of being grossly fat or overweight. Obesity can happen for many reasons, including age, gender, hereditary obesity, stereotype obesity, and fast food restaurants and their marketing. For example, a 50-year-old man can add pounds faster than a 5-year-old child can because of his age. Obesity is a growing problem that society needs to deal with. What is the extent of obesity in the U.S.? American’s love to eat, but eating any type of food with little or no physical movement is the main cause of being overweight or obese. Approximately, 17 % of children and teenagers (ages 2 to 19) are obese and 31.8 % are either overweight or obese. More than one in twelve children is obese in early childhood (The State of Obesity). American’s choose to stay inside and watch television, play video games, or focus on their phones. S tress can play a big role as well in overeating. Indulging in food can be a distraction from their stress or a belief to make matters better, where a smoker smokes to give them a distraction from their stress. Eating can be a disease, a pleasurable addiction that spirals out of control. However, like most addictions it can be controlled. Indiana now has the seventh highest adult obesity rate in the nation. Indiana’s adult obesity rate is currently 32.7 %. Adult obesity rate by age are; 18 to 25 is 19.9 %,Show MoreRelatedObesity : Obesity And Obesity986 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is one of the major health epidemics that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be b lamed on the fast food industry; there are several other factors leads to obesity. OverRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity798 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity Close to over one-third of adults living in the United States are obese (Diet and Obesity). Unfortunately, one third of children in the United States are also obese or overweight. Obesity has grown throughout the United States and has led to major health problem and can even be fatal. About 365,000 or more people die every year due to obesity. With numbers increasing obesity should be furthered examined to help prevent these conditionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1442 Words   |  6 Pages5/13/16 Take home Project: Obesity Obesity basically means having too much body fat. Not being overweight for your height, having too much muscle, or water in your body. What exactly is obesity? â€Å"Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a tool used to measure obesity. Obesity increases your risk ofRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1318 Words   |  6 PagesObesity Epidemic Due to Fast Food or Something More Obesity is rising at a rapid rate here in the United States, especially childhood obesity. The obesity epidemic is one of the country’s most serious health problems. Adult obesity rates have doubled since 1980 from 15 to 30 percent, while childhood obesity rates have more than tripled. Is there a link in obesity and fast food eating? Are fast food restaurants to blame for our nation’s obesity issues? Or are we ourselves and our lack of knowledgeRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesleads to health risks and obesity, people are still putting unhealthy food into their body daily.   The United States has the highest obesity rate in the world by 6% and the government should be helping to lower that percentage (http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Health/Obesity).   The best for the United States to help the obesity rate is by implementing a fat tax.   A fat tax is a tax on foods that are considered unhealthy and are believed to lead people to obesity.   The main way fat taxesRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1417 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned. Doctors often use a formula based on height and weight, called body mass index (BMI), to determine obesity. Children with a BMI over 21 is considered obese and over 18 is overweight (Arnett, J.J.2016). Adults with a BMI of 30 or more are considered obese. Severe obesity, also known as severe obesity or morbid obesity, occurs when a BMI of 40 or more is present. With morbid obesity, there may be serious health problems. If children do not have enough activities, they will not be able to burnRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1413 Words   |  6 Pagescertificates, diabetes was mentioned as a cause of death (6). The Centers for Disease Control refers to â€Å"twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity, because obesity greatly increases the risk of diabetes, and the number of Americans who are obese has been increasing rapidly† (9). A newly developed term, â€Å"diabesity,† is commonly used to represent the close relationship between obesity and diabetes (8). Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is defined when the pancreas fails to produce a healthy amountRead MoreObesity : Obesity And The Obesity2209 Words   |  9 Pages OBESITY in America As the world is growing day by day the problem of obesity is also increasing all over the world. Since from1980 to 2014, the obesity has risen two times as compared to the previous years. The obesity is related to the how much energy is left, but the most important cause of having the obesity is â€Å"dysbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure† (Nazarii Kobyliak 1). The obesity is the excessive fat in the body and it can cause to any age group form child to the oldRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obes ity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity985 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity is one of the major health epidemic that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry; there are several other factors leads to obesity.

Happily Never After free essay sample

I adore fairy tales. I remember watching Beauty and the Beast as a young girl. I remember reading about Marie Antoinette in third grade and wanting to be a princess just like her. I remember listening to my mother tell me the story of The Princess and the Frog. Fairy tales rule of lives from our toddler years on. We are flooded with unrealistic expectations of love and happy endings. In spite of the extensive stories that my generation has heard over the course of our childhood, true happiness seems to be a deeply rooted problem. In fact, the National Institute of Mental Health reports that 12.5% of teenagers reported depression in the last year. Contrastingly, Matt Hutson wrote, â€Å"It seems that for the past twenty years everyone in America has been on a relentless quest for a blue sky state of mind, in pursuit of permanent residence on the spectrum between contentment and ecstasy (Beyond Happiness). I find that many people are searching for happiness, but few truly find it. The idea of happiness is thrown into our face everyday, but the reality of fulfillment perhaps was never truly emphasized.In the words of Simon Sinek,â€Å"We were told we could have anything we wanted in the world, just because we wanted it,†(Millennials in the Workplace). Our parents wanted us to have all the happiness and opportunities that they couldn’t experience, and as a result, I have lived a good life thus far in my eighteen years, However, my life struggles have remained at a minimum, and I do not have a realistic grasp of how to cope with negative events in my life.We were given a Happily Ever After outline of life, and no one ever bothered to clue us into the reality. For example, in his book 25 Truths, Ed Douglas states, â€Å"Significant and meaningful activities or accomplishments that take time, effort, and hard work are what actually bring happiness to a person’s life,† (65). Young girls are often told that marriage will be their happy ending. However, any married person will tell you firsthand that marriage is one of the most difficult things ever. I do not mean to say that marriage isn’t beautiful; it is. Matrimony is one of the most human yet simultaneously spiritual things that we experience in this life.The reality is that our lives are beautiful. They are not beautiful because of the rainbows and butterflies found in fairytales. Rather, they are beautiful because of the resilience and journeys that we experience as humans. In my case, I was always sold the story of the American dream. I would grow up, go to college, get married, settle down, and then have a few kids. In her short story, â€Å"Happy Endings,† Margaret Atwood has managed to shatter and corroborate Western ideals for happiness all at once. Atwood uses unconventional writing techniques in order to do so. Upon first reading the story, we are greeted with directions to read section â€Å"a† if we want a happy ending. Naturally, a reader will do so; however, â€Å"a† is also followed by â€Å"b† and â€Å"c† and so on. Option â€Å"a’ contains the typical Western fairytale of a healthy marriage, satisfying job, and growing old. The reader then goes on to read the options following â€Å"a† and realizes that these are all variations of the same story with different versions of tragedy and infidelity thrown into the mix. Atwood then ends the story with an abrupt authorial intrusion stating, The only authentic ending is the one provided here: John and Mary Die. John and Mary Die. John and Mary Die. So much for endings. Beginnings are always more fun†¦ That’s about all that can be said for plots, which anyway are just one thing after another, a what and a what and a what. Now try How and Why (305). Altogether, Atwood walks us through multiple mini stories to show us how any situation in life will yielda similar ending, and then she jumps in with authorial intrusion to blatantly drive her point home in a much clearer form, but what exactly is her point? Some may say that her underlying theme is that we all die, and our lives are tiny blips in the universe. However, the very last sentence of the story, â€Å"Now try How and Why.† changes the focus of the message completely (305). Atwood is not merely stating that our lives are pointless and all the same. She is painting us multiple pictures to show us that most people do get married and die eventually, but the last sentence in her authorial intrusion suggests that we should not focus on the endings of our stories so much to begin with. The â€Å"How and Why† have so much more weight to them. Where we end up is not nearly as important of how we end up there. In â€Å"The Dash,† a poem by Linda Ellis, a similar argument is made when the author states â€Å"What matters most is how we live and love and how we spent our dash,† referring to the dash between the date of birth and date of death on a loved one’s tombstone. On a tombstone, we emphasize the date of birth, beginning, and the date of death, end, but we leave a simple line to represent all of our life. When one combines these works, they point to a similar theme: What matters is not where we end up, but rather how we get there. For example, two individuals can hold well regarded titles as a doctor. One may have been born into a family of doctors and lawyers, so it was obviously natural for him to follow suit and land in this career field. While the other may have come from a low-income, broken home, and this individual had to scrape by and struggle for every second of education that he or she earned in order to become a doctor. Both individuals ended up in the same place. However, the journeys of both individuals reveal more about each person’s character than the simple end goal of being a doctor reveals. This is similar to Atwood’s example of marriage. Some spouses in her works cheated. Others were murderers. Still others were not at appropriate ages for the relationship in question, but all these marriages eventually end with couples growing old together and having a satisfied life. Atwood calls us to focus more on our story rather than the ending while Ellis calls us to ensure that we are proud of our story. We have one precious life, and we are far too often found looking to create a perfect end point in our life, whether it be our relationships, marriage, career, intelligence, etc., that we forget to make our life beautiful in the here and now. We forget that maybe the most moving stories that we have to tell do not possess power because they have a perfect, happy ending, but rather because they are filled with struggle and turmoil and were distinctly human. F. Scott Fitzgerald once said, For what it’s worth, it’s never too late, or too early in my case, to be whoever you want to be. There’s no limit. Start whenever you want. You can change or stay the same. There are no rules to this thing. We can make the best or the worst of it. I hope you make the best of it. I hope you see things that startle you. I hope you feel things you’ve never felt before. I hope you meet people who have a different point of view. I hope you live a life you’re proud of, and if you’re not, I hope you have the courage to start over all again. Fairytales don’t exist. Life has struggles no matter what. The endpoint of a life does not make a happy ending if the journey is forgotten. Perhaps the journey never really does end. For example, typical fairy tales usually end when a princess gets married and she lives â€Å"happily ever after,† but what happens in her marriage? Do we call quits on our journeys once we’re married and neglect to grow anymore? There is always more to the story. There is more that the newlywed princess experiences, and there may never truly be an endpoint. Perhaps the purpose of life is really to love and grow and be, and we have created a fairytale ending as a selfish band aid for the reality of the difficulty of marriages, love, and growth. I will no longer continue to ask myself where I am going, but rather how am I getting there.

Wild Strawberries

Diverse people/cultures constitute this world and such diversity is reflected via the cinematic experience. Film emanates the entire infrastructure of a people’s culture (gender, age, creed, race, personal impressions, ideas, emotions, prejudices and religious/political/ economic/educational institutions, etc.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wild Strawberries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the height of the 20th century, many countries witnessed a rise in cinematic prominence and Sweden was no exception. Gustaf Molander, Alf Sjà ¶berg, Victor Sjà ¶strà ¶m, Mauritz Stiller and most recently Lasse Hallstrà ¶m  as well as Lukas Moodysson brought prominence and popularity to Swedish film. Among this distinguished cadre of Swedish filmmakers is the accomplished and prolific Ingmar Bergman. A repertoire comprised of over sixty documentaries and films (television and cinema) as well as one hundred an d seventy theatrical plays, Bergman’s work featured a typical element of Swedish film – slow pacing and austere landscapes. His distinctive style/attribute and contribution, however, was exploration of human emotions and its vast landscape with death, illness, betrayal, and insanity as the focus. Bergman’s 1957 film, Wild Strawberries, is superbly characteristic his style. Wild Strawberries was written and directed by Bergman and has an acclaimed cast of Swedish actors, among them Max von Sydow. Deemed a classic and one of Bergman’s best films, thought-provoking themes such self acceptance and discovery as well as human existence constitute the thematic core of the film. Bergman wrote the screenplay while hospitalized and such experience served as an impetus. Wild Strawberries is character and plot driven in that the two intertwined bring the fundamental themes to the surface and explain them. The film chronicles the emotional voyage of an elderly physici an named Eberhard Isak Borg (Victor Sjà ¶strà ¶m). This emotional journey filled with self introspection/re-evaluation is introduced at the onset of the film with Borg’s opening statement – â€Å"In our relations with other people, we mainly discuss and evaluate their character and behaviour. That is why I have withdrawn from nearly all so-called relations (Wild Strawberries). At seventy years old, Borg appears to have come to a point in which evaluation of his behaviour and character is of primary concern rather than others. The journey unfolds as he travels to receive an honorary degree/award at Lund University. Such accolade, however, has no value and does not bring him happiness for he comments prior to his trip â€Å"Honorary Doctor! They might as well appoint me Honorary Idiot (Wild Strawberries).†Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the 400 mile sojourn from Stockholm to Lund, in which he is accompanied by his daughter-in law – Mariaane (Ingrid Thulin), Borg seventy eight years old, undergoes a life assessment or revaluation process. The various people he meets along the way force him to confront various personas about himself (aloofness, loneliness, etc.), his past and relationships (mother, son, etc.) that contributed to his behaviour. Self examination also comes in the form of nightmares and daydreams throughout the film. At the conclusion, Borg comes to terms with himself (past, present, self acceptance) and immanent death which in the beginning he greatly feared. Smultronstà ¤llet is the original Swedish title for the film and translated literally means wild strawberry patch. Idiomatically the title refers to something underrated or devalued yet possesses sentimental or personal value. Self awareness, value, acceptance, and even love appear to be the sentimental and personal emotions at the core of Bergman†™s focus/message and for this reason Ingmar Bergman Wild Strawberries’ impact will remain indelible. Work Cited Wild Strawberries (1957). Web. This essay on Wild Strawberries was written and submitted by user Jacey Jensen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. The WritePass Journal

The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. Introduction The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. IntroductionStudies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering.Studies based on Theories of Altruism and Selflessness and categorising the volunteers’ Motivation into FactorsStudies on Special Sport EventsConclusionRelated Introduction Studies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering. Studies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering has gained   more ground than ever before in recent years, due to the big Sports Events becoming more important than previously. Because of the   development of the Society, the demand of Volunteers is needed. There is a wider literature on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering. One of the most significant researches that have been done on Volunteers is the National Survey of Volunteering (Smith, 1997), which examined how volunteers are recruited and the benefits of volunteering. The most important results were that the primary motivations for volunteering were based on altruistic and self- interested  reasons. Smith had found that 48% of the respondents had offered to help, following 47% who had been asked to help by someone. An additional 45% had volunteered because of the needs and interests of their family and friends, and 42% because of thier own needs and interests.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The most important benefits volunteers had taken   from their voluntary work were the enjoyment they experienced , the satisfaction of seeing result, meeting new people, making   friends and a sense of personal achievement†. (Smith, 1997,   p.61-62)   Manchester Metropolitan University (2008) similarly had conducted a  Study on Volunteers of the Commonwealth Games to draw-up a profile of volunteers and their pre-Games motivations and expectations on a sample of 698 volunteers. The most important motivation for volunteering found by the study was the volunteers were motivated by being a part of a team and supporting their city, in this case Manchester, and their nation, as well as taking advantage of a unique opportunity.   When the participants of the study were asked if one of their reasons for volunteering in the Commonwealth Games was because it is an exciting experience almost all had agreed that this was one of their main reasons for volunteering, as was the fact that the opportunity itself was a chance of a lifetime and it also provided satisfaction when they helped others. The results on the experience of volunteering were that  the whole experience proved to be a unique experience for them and their expectations were far exceeded. The volunteers of the Commonwealth Games had said that they thought that the Games were successful, and they were proud that they were a part of this Event ( Ralston et al., 2008). G. Pauline and J. S. Pauline (2009) investigated the demographic profile of volunteers and their motivation for getting involved in a professional tennis event. Their results were that the Volunteers’  profile were similar to those of tennis participation population and were similar to other games’ volunteers .Volunteers were motivated by material and purposive factors.   In more detail, the authors found that the Volunteers in their research were influenced in volunteering because they were familiar with the game of tennis. The most common response the authors found regarding the Volunteers’ motivations was that they volunteered because â€Å"It is fun to volunteer for this event†(Pauline and Pauline, 2009: 178). And the least important motivation mentioned was that of the volunteer’s employer or school rewarding them with extra credits or bonuses for volunteering. Volunteers were also motivated in helping the event to be successful and serving their community (Pauline and Pauline, 2009) Studies based on Theories of Altruism and Selflessness and categorising the volunteers’ Motivation into Factors Volunteer motivation uses theories of altruism and selflessness (Phillips, 1982; Rehberg, 2005). The most important and common motivation in many studies has been found to be that volunteers aims are ‘to help where is needed’. Many volunteer researches have found different motivations including those of altruism, social contact, personal interests, and emotional needs to name a few (Yeung, 2004).   Mallias and Papadimitriou (2002) conducted a research on the volunteers volunteering in the  2004 Athens Olympic Games, and examined volunteers’ motivations, based on theories of altruism and selflessness. The data analysis was conducted with a 28 item one-dimensional scale named: the Motivation Volunteer Scale (MVS) and categorised the factors into four groups: Purposive, Solidary, External Traditions and Commitments. Their conclusions were that  the most important motivations of volunteers were Purposive followed by Solidary. Other researches, such as that of Ko kolakakis (1999) on volunteers in the United Kingdom, found that the volunteers tend to volunteer for their own good and own intrinsic satisfaction. Similarly, Shibli, et al. (1999) found that the basic reason for volunteering was not altruistic but rather meeting what volunteers wanted. The literature on Volunteering gives us a complex system of factors that differ from organizations’ or events’ characteristics. A research by Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen (1991) investigated 27 studies on motivation of volunteers and collected data from 258 volunteers and 104 non-volunteers, and after the data was analysed using a 22 item unidimensional scale named the Motivation Volunteer Scale (MVS), had found that motivations were altruistic and egoistic, showing that volunteers not only wanted   to help the organization, but also wanted to be   reward from their volunteering. (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991). Bang and Ross (2009) investigated the impact of volunteers’ motivations and satisfaction using Bang and Chelladurai’s (2003) Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE). Data were collected from 254 volunteers which volunteered for the 2004 Twin Cities Marathon. The results were   that volunteer motivations could be divided into seven factors: Expression of Values, Community Involvement, Interpersonal Contacts, Career Orientation, Personal Growth, Extrinsic Rewards and Love of Sport   The factors that showed the volunteers’ satisfaction were: Expression of Values, Career Orientation, and Love of Sport  ( Bang and Ross ,2009: 68). Further studies, included that of Wang (2009) which was conducted on volunteers of the 10th National Sport Meeting in 2005 and the 10th National Sport Games in 2005, using both questionnaires and interviews of 350 volunteers who took part. In this study the current state of the participation motivations of the volunteers for large-scale sports events in China were researched. The analysis was done on the factors that motivated volunteers participating in volunteer services and those who dropped-out, and the status of motivations of volunteers who get involved in the voluntary service of large sports events. The results of this study, showed that the motivations of volunteering in voluntary services of sports events can be divided into five factors: Purpose factors, Interpersonal factors, Social Impact factors, Personal factors and the Family Traditional factors. Clary et al. (1998) based on their results proposed six groups of factors   of   volunteer motivations which they categorised as: Opportunities   expressing one’s values relating to altruistic and humanitarian concerns for others; Opportunities for new learning experiences, and to exercise one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities (Understanding);   Opportunities to be with one’s friends or to engage in an activity viewed favourably by important others (Social); Experiences that may be obtained from participation in volunteer work (Career); Reduced guilt over being more fortunate than others and addressing one’s own personal problems (Protective); and The ego’s growth and development (Enhancement).   Hardin et al. (2007) also researched volunteer motivations by grouping those motivations into different factors. These were grouped into four factors which explained how volunteers characterise their incentives of volunteering: Purposive , Self-i nterest,External and Escapism. Grammatikopoulos et al. (2006) used the SEVMS in a study of Greek volunteers, with the purpose of trying to explain the motivation of volunteers by the four factors that Twyncam et al. (2002/2003) have used in their study of the Star Choice World Junior Curling Tournament. The four factors were: solidary, purposive, commitment, and external traditions. Other research on motivations of volunteers grouped into factors is that of Bang and Chelladurai (2003) in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, who found   six factors using the Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE). The Factors were: Expression of Values, Patriotism, Interpersonal Contacts,   Personal Growth, Career Orientation, and Extrinsic Rewards. Studies on Special Sport Events Clary et al. (1998) try to help us understand more about the nature of volunteering, however,   they fail to explain the differences between the importance of volunteering in Sports Events and   in volunteering in Special Sport Events. Based on the literature scoping of previous research, it has become evident that there is a lack on research on the motivations of the volunteers of Special Sport Events. This has proven a limitation of the research area, as the Special Sport Events have much more prestige due to the social message they give, and therefore differences between the motivations of the volunteers are to be expected (Farrell et al., 1998). Farrell et al. (1998) studied the volunteers motivations and satisfaction at the 1998 Canadian Women’s Curling Championship by using Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen’s (1991) Motivational Volunteer Scale. The   result of this  Ã‚   study made   a new   28 item scale called the Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale (SEVMS) based on the MVS (Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen,1991). The SEVMS divided motivation of volunteers   into four categories; purposive, solidary, external traditions, and commitments.The most important factor the results showed were the purposive factors whilst the least important factors were the external traditions which gave more emphasis to   extrinsic motivations, and the commitments dimension which gave more emphasis   on the expectations of others for vollunteering. Similarly, three other studies (Grammatikopouloset al., 2006; Twynam et al., 2002/2003; Williams et al.,1995) used the SEVMS at special events. One of the studies was on the World Cup downhill skiing event by Williams et al. (1995), which suggested that   the most important volunteer motivations were to support the national team, improve and empower the community spirit and the community image. Conclusion Based on the above findings the wider literature is based upon the profile, the motivations, the expectation of volunteers and the benefits of volunteering. Many studies have also found that motivations of volunteers are based on altruism, selflessness and the self determination theories (SD) (Deci Ryan, 1985b; Ryan Deci, 2000). The majority of the volunteer researchers have grouped the volunteer motivations into factors, with the most popular factors being: the purposive and the solidary. The volunteer motivations of Special Sport Events have been found to be limited, with the researches conducted being less than those in Sport Events and more complicated than those in Sport Events .

Constitutional and Administrative Law (Parliament Sovereignty in UK) Essay

Constitutional and Administrative Law (Parliament Sovereignty in UK) - Essay Example Britain is known to have an unwritten constitution; nevertheless, still, they do exist in a solitary text, just like other countries, for instance, the USA and Germany. For that reason, Britain constitution is too often described as partially written and completely unchanged (Goldsworthy, 1999). According to Goldsworthy (2010) the principle of parliamentary supremacy is about the connection between the Legislature and the courts. Is parliament sovereign or the courts? As aforementioned, the United Kingdom is known to have parliament sovereignty, but to what to degree? Dicey asserts that parliament is supreme, meaning that the Legislature has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any decree whatsoever. Further, no individual or entity is acknowledged by the law of England as having a right to overrule or refute the legislation of Parliament. The dogma of legislature sovereignty in the United Kingdom has been considered as the most significant feature of the British constitution. It can be abridged in three parts. The Legislature has the authority to make any law they want, and no legislature can create a decree/law that future parliament cannot amend and only parliament can adjust or unmake a law passed by parliament. It offers categorical authority to Westminster Parliament Dicey illustrates it as the overriding trait of our political organs. Another feature to put into account is the effects of the European Union, the Human Rights Act 1998. It is also essential to consider the Devolution of sovereignty to Scottish Legislature and Welsh Assembly and the establishment of the United Kingdom Supreme Court. These features do not essentially undercut the doctrine of parliament sovereignty, at least theoretically, as the legislature could repeal any of the law carrying out these transformations. The Scottish Legislature and Northern Ireland Congress are both capable to pass key legislation within the places that have been devolved to them. As the network remains devolved and not centralized, the authority of these parliaments stems from the United Kingdom and can be balanced, as has occurred with the Northern Irish case. Nevertheless, this appear improbably to take place in Scotland or Wales, as such a judgment would presently be exce edingly out of favor with the electorate in both areas. The bodies of the European Union, in specific the European Court of Justice (ECJ) that suggests the supremacy to carried out judicial assessment over the United Kingdom law. In this scenario, an unfavorable establishment by the ECJ that a United Kingdom decree is conflicting with the EC Treaties mechanically rescinds the law, because the European Communities Act 1972 offers that European Community decree is sovereign in Britain. An example of this in connection to a law, the Merchant Shipping Act 1988, was the Factortame case. The European Community Act has been considered as a constitutional law. In the case of Thoburn V Sunderland City Council, the Weights puts on leash the impact of parliamentary supremacy, as the ECA must be explicitly repealed for it to be annulled by later unsuited legislation. The European Convention on Human Rights and the integration by the Human Rights Act 1988 of the European Convention an establishm ent of a contravention of Convention rights by the ECHR does not mechanically resc

Communicative Technology - Short Messaging Service (SMS) Essay

Communicative Technology - Short Messaging Service (SMS) - Essay Example The user should have activated the service of sending text messages, this activation involves paying a cost to some mobile network whereas on most mobile phone networks the activation is free. However, each text message costs some amount per text message, though nowadays mobile service networks offer packages that allow you to send a limited number of text messages for a cost in bulk. Lastly, the user who wants to send an SMS should know how to read and type a text message on the mobile phone and the model they have and should have a recipient to whom they want to send their texts to and they are good to go. (Illinois State University 2014). In 1984, a man named ‘Friedhelm Hillebrand’ was experimenting with casual sentences and questions on his typewriter at his house in Germany. Whenever he wrote a question or a sentence he made a count of the alphabets, number and the spaces in between them. This led to an odd discovery, which further on became the idea behind the length of an SMS. He noticed that every time he counted, the total quantity of characters was less than one sixty characters. (Gayomali, C. 2012). It is said that the first ever text message sent in the world was: ‘Merry Christmas’. It was sent by a man named Papworth. He was a computer designer at ‘Sema Group Telecoms’. Since the mobile phones at that time did not have the ability to type as there were no keyboards he used his computer to send the greeting to his buddy ‘Richard Jarvis’ who was employed at ‘Vodafone’. (Erikson, C. 2012). In 1993 ‘Nokia’ became the pioneer to launch the first ever mobile phone set which allowed the users to send text messages. However, there were limitations to the SMS service, firstly, it could only be typed through a numerical keypad by the multi-tap system and most importantly the SMS service was only limited to one network.  Ã‚  

The personalities of the contenders Essay Example for Free

The personalities of the contenders Essay How significant were the personalities of the contenders to succeed Lenin in accounting for Stalin’s defeat of his opponents in the years 1924-29? Lenins death on the 21st January 1924 caused huge sadness across the country. After Lenins death, everyone was eagerly waiting to know who would be the next leader of Russia. In the years after Lenins death, there was no clear successor to his leadership. However, when Lenin was leader, Trotsky was always there for him, and he played a huge role in the Civil War, therefore everyone thought he would become Lenins successor. However, as well as Trotsky there were other significant contenders, such as Stalin, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev which created a huge power struggle. I believe that the personalities of the contenders were significant in this struggle. However, other factors such as ideological battles, removal of opponents by Stalin and the consolidated powerbases also had an effect. The personalities of all were all extremely different by a great margin. The most likely to win, Trotsky was intellectually gifted which greatly benefitted him. He was also a great military leader and had good organisational skills. Trotsky has a few strong disadvantages to his personality though. His late arrival to the Bolshevik party could be interpret Trotsky as an unloyal character while his arrogance due to his intelligence made him quite a few different enemies in the Bolshevik party. Trotsky’s arrogance led to his defeat as he vastly underestimated Stalin and the threat he posed, while also decreasing his inner party support. At the time Trotsky would be clear favourite to win but his poor characteristics let him down. The next contender and winner of the battle for power was Joseph Stalin. An underdog and one of the least likely looking people to win, Stalin played his cards well and to his advantage. Being a Bolshevik from the beginning supported the fact that Stalin was a loyal Bolshevik which was a strength of his personality. Stalin being a cunning character was another strength of his and was a contributing factor to the defeat of his enemies as he was easily able to manipulate and outplay them. His ruthlessness and his ability to easily gain support due to his position and authority to promote them also benefitted greatly to the defeat of his enemies. He had a major weakness and thorn in his side though and that was Lenin’s opinion of him. The ability to easily manipulate Stalin was also a major disadvantage for him. While Stalin didn’t look it, he had just as big  of a chance as Trotsky due to his nature. Another contender in the race for leadership was the â€Å"Golden boy† known as Bukharin. Bukharin was possessed one of the best personalities of the party and his traits and strengths such as his incorruptibility and honest and well natured manner were good aspects about him. His â€Å"Golden boy† title was also helpful as it represented how liked he was by Lenin before his death. His intellectuality also benefitted him greatly and he was often referred to as the brains of the Bolsheviks. Bukharin’s main weakness though was that he ha d no ambition and he was too young. These factors led to a small support for Bukharin while his right-wing views also cut out some votes for him. Another contender, Zinoviev possessed good strengths such as being a good speaker and being good friends with Lenin. These would essentially give Zinoviev a right to the leadership of the party. He was involved little in the civil war though and his dislikeable and vain nature did little to help him gain the support he needed which was why he teamed up with the last contender Kamenev. Kamenev was also a friend of Lenin but compared to Zinoviev was from a working class background which would have benefitted him greatly due to the say and respect he would have. Kamenev had little influence though and was too uninspirational greatly denting his chances Therefore, what we can infer from the personalities and strengths of each other contenders was that Stalin cleverly manipulated and took advantage of each contenders weaknesses which led to him becoming leader. Stalin would also use the past to his advantage e.g. Zinoviev’s poor revolutionary record or Trotsky’s past allegia nces. Stalin would also use the personalities of other contenders to his advantage e.g. Trotsky’s arrogance or the fact that Bukharin has no ambition. There were also many other factors that led to Stalin’s victory though. Another way in which Stalin won was the removal of opponents by Stalin. Stalin slowly but surely took out each of his opponents carefully and concisely. Stalin removed Trotsky by creating the Triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin carefully destroyed Trotsky’s reputation with Zinoviev and Kamenev with things such as questioning his loyalty to Lenin, destroying his influence by questioning his ‘Bonapartism’ ideology and question his activities leading up to the revolution. Stalin also made Trotsky miss the funeral of Lenin, shocking the party and destroying Trotsky’s influence by a huge chunk. When Stalin had taken care of Trotsky,  he then took care of Zinoviev and Kamenev by splitting the Triumvirate and creating the Duumvirate with Bukharin. With Zinoviev and Kamenev in decline due to the influence they had in the defeat of Trotsky, Stalin easily defeated them. When that had happened Stalin quickly turned against Bukharin and with his growing inf luence Stalin removed him from the race for leadership. At the end of everything, Stalin had removed all opponents and this was a big factor in determining Stalin’s victory due to the fact that it had removed all of the people in the way of Stalin becoming leader of the Bolsheviks. Another way Stalin took power was by increasing his influence by never actually taking a side. While everyone was on either a left-wing or right-wing stance, Stalin remained neutral as to not damage his influence with members of either side. This way Stalin would face less opposition due to him not going against a large opposition of the party. His stance on things such as the NEP also came to his advantage and he both agreed and disagreed with it at different times. Stalin also took a neutral view on how fast Russia should industrialise, he personally however took a left wing view towards this.

A Night in Afghanistan Essay -- Personal Narrative, Descriptive Essay

"Shhhh!" my mother whispered as the tanks rumbled by under the cold Afghan night, the stars twinkling above the mountains surrounding us. From our hiding place in the brush along the shoulder of the dirt path through the Khyber Pass, I could see tanks stretching to infinity and, try as I might, I could not find an end to the convoy of trucks. Huddled along with my father, mother, and infant brother and sister, we peered anxiously as the Russian Spetsnaz scouts rolled past us in jeeps ahead of the convoy heading toward the Afghanistan-Pakistan border-the very place our destination lay. My brother began to whimper. My mother began to pray. It seemed as if the line of tanks would never end. Finally, as the last of them rolled by, silence engulfed us. My father had been planning for months for our flight into Pakistan along the Khyber road and we could not stop now. Our nerves were frayed. We had not slept for three days since being smuggled out of the capital and the 15-mile walk across the border might have well been 15 hundred miles. My father stopped for a moment and fished a small, empty... ... Today, that pouch of a few ounces of earth that my father gathered during our last hours in Afghanistan lies on a desk in his study, reminding me of what I have lost, of another place filled with memories that I used to call home. But today, what I call home is in Orange County, California, half a world away from Afghanistan. Perhaps one day I will go back to see what is left after the years of war and strife and once again relax in our old backyard, or go to pick apples in an orchard in the Maymana district. But I will go back only to visit.

Piping

Introduction: The term fabrication applies to the cutting, bending, forming, and welding of Individual pipe components to each other and their subsequent heat treatment and nondestructive examination (N DE) to form a unit (piping subassembly) for installation. The term installation refers to the physical placement of piping subassembly, valves, and other specialty items in their required final location relative to pumps, heat exchangers, turbines, boilers, and other equipment; assembly thereto by welding or mechanical methods; final NEED; heat treatment; leak testing; ND cleaning and flushing of the completed Installation.Depending on the economics of the particular situation, fabrication may be accomplished in a commercial pipe fabrication shop, or a site fabrication shop, where portions of the piping system are fabricated into subassembly or modules for transfer to the location of the final installation. As a general rule piping NAPS 21/2 (DNA 65) and larger for nuclear and fossil power plants, chemical plants, refineries, industrial plants, resource recovery, and generation units are most often shop fabricated.Piping NAPS 2 (DNA 50) and smaller Is often shop fabricated where special heat treatment or cleaning practices may be required: otherwise it is field fabricated. Pipelines and other systems involving long runs of essentially straight pipe sections welded together is usually field assembled. In recent years, the infusion of new bending technologies, new welding processes, new alloys, fracture toughness limitations, and mandatory quality assurance (QUA) programs have made piping fabrication and Installation much more complex than In the past.Greater emphasis Is being placed on written procedures for QUA and quality intro (ICQ) programs, special processes, and qualification and certification of procedures and personnel. Improper selection of fabrication or installation practices can result in a system, which will not function properly or will fail before its expected life span. Accordingly, fabrication and installation contractors must work closely with the designer and be aware of the mandatory requirements of the applicable codes, the unique requirements and limitations of the materials, and those of the fabrication and installation techniques being applied.Codes and Standards Considerations: A great many codes and standards apply to piping. It is incumbent on the fabricator and/or Installer to be familiar with the details of these codes and standards since some codes have the force of law, As an example, the SAME 331. 1 Power Piping Coded is referenced by SAME Section I Power Boilers: for piping classed as Boiler External Piping. The latter that is law in most states, contains rules for code stamping, data reports, and third-party inspection. Piping under SAME Section 1113 also has legal standing. Most other piping codes are used for contractual agreements.Most codes preference SAME Section for nondestructive examination methodol ogy and SAME Section XIX for welding requirements. Each of the codes covers a deferent piping practices, some have mandatory requirements, while others only have recommendations. Heat treatment requirements may vary from one to another. The manner in which the code-writing bodies have perceived the hazardous nature of different applications has led to differing NEED requirements. Generally, the codes are reasonably similar, but the owner, designer, fabricator, and installer must meet the specifics of the applicable code to ensure a satisfactory installation.It is essential that the designer be very familiar with the code being used and that purchasing specifications for material, fabrication, and installation be very specific. Reference to the code alone is not sufficient. In the design, a particular allowable stress for a specific material, grade, type, product form, and/or heat-treated condition was selected. The specifications issued for material purchase and fabrication must ref lect these specify to assure that the proper materials and fabrication practices are used. It is also incumbent upon the fabricator and/or installer to be very familiar with the applicable code.Each project should be reviewed in detail. â€Å"Standard shop practices† may not always produce the desired result. Communication between the designer, fabricator, and installer is essential. All should be familiar with the various standards used in piping design. Most piping systems are composed of items, which conform to some dimensional standards such as SAME 836. MM and SAME 836. MM for Pipe, 816. 57 for flanges, etc. The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MS) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) issue other dimensional standards.The Pipe Fabrication Institute (IF) publishes a series of Engineering Standards, which outline suggested practices for various fabrication processes. These standards give excellent guidance for many aspects of piping fabrication not covered by t he codes. The American Welding Society (SAWS) publishes a number of recommended practices for welding of pipe in various materials. Materials Considerations: Piping systems are fabricated from a great variety of metals and nonmetals, material selection being a function of the environment and service conditions. Materials must inform to the standards and specifications outlined in the governing code.Some codes such as SAME Section Ill impose additional requirements on materials beyond those in the material specifications. All fabrication and installation practices applied to these materials must be conducted so as to assure that the final installation exhibits all of the properties implicit in the design. For example, hot bending of certain austenite stainless steels in the assassination range will reduce their corrosion resistance if they are not subsequently heat-treated. Accordingly, a heat treatment to restore these properties should be specified.

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